![]() ![]() Commonly used fabrication techniques, such as extrusion and expansion, electrospinning, thermal-induced phase separation (TIPS), braiding, 3D printing, hydrogel tubing, gas foaming, and a combination of these methods, are analyzed and compared. Several kinds of natural and synthetic polymers for artificial SDBVs are presented here. In this review, the progress and potential outlook of small-diameter blood vessels (SDBVs) engineered in vitro are highlighted and summarized, including material selection and development, fabrication techniques, surface modification, mechanical properties, and bioactive functionalities. Therefore, artificial blood vessels have been widely investigated in the last several decades. Furthermore, autologous harvesting causes secondary injury to the patient at the harvest site. However, autologous replacement is not often available due to prior harvesting or the patient’s health. Vascular grafts have been used in bypass surgery to replace the damaged native blood vessels for treating severe cardio- and peripheral vascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, especially ones involving narrowed or blocked blood vessels with diameters smaller than 6 millimeters, are the leading cause of death globally. ![]()
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